html,body{font-size:16px !important;line-height:18px !important;height:100%;color:#333;padding:0;margin:0}*,html,body{font-family:"Poppins",sans-serif;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;text-rendering:geometrirecision;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);outline:none !important;letter-spacing:-0.1px;word-wrap:break-word}.row{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;padding:0 2px}.col{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%;margin-bottom:20px;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px}.col .entity-item{height:100%}strong,b{font-family:"Poppins",sans-serif;font-weight:bold}figure{margin:0;padding:0}a{text-decoration:none;color:#174fae}a:hover{text-decoration:underline}pre{padding:5px;margin-top:20px;background:#f3f3f3;border:1px solid #ccc}p{font-size:18px;line-height:24px}.link{cursor:pointer}.nowrap{white-space:nowrap}.overflow-auto{overflow:auto !important;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch !important}.h1,.h2,.h3,.h4,.h5,.h6,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-family:"Poppins",sans-serif;font-weight:bold}.multiple:after{content:',';margin-right:4px}.multiple:last-child:after{content:'';margin-right:0}.icon-home{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}.icon-home svg{fill:#fff;width:15px;height:15px}.icon svg{fill:#fff;width:35px;height:35px}.m-0{margin:0 !important}.p-0{padding:0 !important}.mt-0{margin-top:0 !important}.mb-0{margin-bottom:0 !important}.mb-2{margin-bottom:10px !important}.me-1{margin-right:5px !important}.me-2{margin-right:10px !important}.mb-4{margin-bottom:20px !important}.mt-2{margin-top:20px !important}.mt-1{margin-top:10px !important}.opacity-0{opacity:0 !important}hr{border:0;border-top:1px solid #ccc}.hide-scrollbar{overflow-x:scroll;scrollbar-width:none}.hide-scrollbar::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}.d-none{display:none !important}.btn{display:inline-block;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;color:#212529;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:middle;cursor:pointer;-webkit--select:none;-moz--select:none;-select:none;background-color:transparent;border:1px solid transparent;padding:.375rem .75rem;font-size:1rem;border-radius:.25rem;transition:color .15s ease-in-out,background-color .15s ease-in-out,border-color .15s ease-in-out,box-shadow .15s ease-in-out}.btn:hover{text-decoration:none}.btn-link{font-weight:400;color:#0d6efd;text-decoration:none}.btn-group-sm>.btn,.btn-sm{padding:.25rem .5rem;font-size:.875rem;border-radius:.2rem}.btn-outline-dark{color:#212529;border-color:#212529}.btn-outline-dark a{color:#212529}.btn-outline-dark:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#212529;border-color:#212529}.btn-outline-dark:hover a{color:#fff;text-decoration:none}.btn-outline-light{color:#f8f9fa;border-color:#f8f9fa}.btn-outline-light:hover{color:#000;background-color:#f8f9fa;border-color:#f8f9fa}.btn-secondary{color:#fff;background-color:#6c757d;border-color:#6c757d}.btn-dark{color:#fff;background-color:#001c4c;border-color:#001c4c}.btn-danger{color:#fff;background-color:#dc3545;border-color:#dc3545}.btn-light{color:#000;background-color:#f8f9fa;border-color:#f8f9fa}.btn-rounded{border-radius:50px}.btn-dark:hover{color:#ccc}.btn-outline-dark{color:#212529;border-color:#212529}.btn-outline-dark:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#212529;border-color:#212529}.btn-movie{font-size:25px;line-height:25px;padding:0;border-radius:50% !important;width:60px;height:60px;margin:0 15px 0 0;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}.btn-movie svg{width:30px;height:30px}.btn-icon{line-height:0}.btn-icon svg{fill:#fff;width:1.1em;height:1.1em}.btn-movie:hover svg{fill:#fff}.breadcrumb{font-size:16px;line-height:30px}.breadcrumb{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:0;margin-bottom:1rem;list-style:none}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item{padding-left:.5rem}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item::before{float:left;padding-right:.5rem;color:#6c757d;content:"/";font-size:12px}.sidebar{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;height:100%;flex-direction:column}.sticky-box{height:100%;width:100%;margin-bottom:20px;padding:0}.banner{position:sticky;top:10px;margin-bottom:20px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.banner ins{position:sticky;top:10px;text-decoration:none;display:block;overflow:hidden !important}.banner ins:after{content:'PUBLICIDAD';background:#f5f5f5;width:100%;display:block;text-align:center;font-size:12px;line-height:12px;padding:4px 0}.bottom-ad-module{display:none}.roba-mobile{display:none}.roba-mobile,.roba-desktop{min-height:600px}.roba-desktop{display:flex;justify-content:start;align-items:end;flex-direction:column;width:320px;max-width:320px}.board-article-outbrain{margin-bottom:40px}.input-group{position:relative;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:stretch;width:100%}.input-group>.form-control,.input-group>.form-select{position:relative;flex:1 1 auto;width:1%;min-width:0}.input-group:not(.has-validation)>.dropdown-toggle:nth-last-child(n+3),.input-group:not(.has-validation)>:not(:last-child):not(.dropdown-toggle):not(.dropdown-menu){border-top-right-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0}.input-group>:not(:first-child):not(.dropdown-menu):not(.valid-tooltip):not(.valid-):not(.invalid-tooltip):not(.invalid-){margin-left:-1px;border-top-left-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0}.form-control{display:block;width:100%;padding:.375rem .75rem;font-size:1rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;color:#212529;background-color:#fff;background-clip:padding-box;border:1px solid #ced4da;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;border-radius:.25rem;transition:border-color .15s ease-in-out,box-shadow .15s ease-in-out}.form-control-sm{min-height:calc(1.5em+.5rem+2px);padding:.25rem .5rem;font-size:.875rem;border-radius:.2rem}.container{width:1140px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.top{margin-bottom:20px}.topbar-container{width:100%;background-color:#001c4c}.topbar{position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;padding:10px 0;z-index:2}.header-section{border-top:1px solid #fff;background-color:#eaede2;padding:10px 0;text-align:center}.header-section .header-section-title,.header-section .header-section-title a{font-family:"Poppins",sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-size:26px;line-height:26px;margin:0;padding:0;color:#001c4c}.menu-container{width:100%}.menu{position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;border-bottom:1px solid #ffffff59;padding:5px 0;z-index:2;background-color:#f3f3f3}.menu .navbar-nav{display:flex;flex-direction:row;list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}.menu .navbar-nav .nav-link{display:block;padding:.5rem;text-decoration:none;transition:color .15s ease-in-out,background-color .15s ease-in-out,border-color .15s ease-in-out;color:rgba(0,0,0,.55);font-weight:500;font-size:14px;line-height:14px;text-transform:uppercase}.form-search-container{padding:15px 0;width:auto;background-color:#e9f1f8}.form-search{display:flex;flex-direction:row;justify-content:center;width:1140px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.form-search form{display:flex;width:50%}.form-search .input-search-autocomplete{background-color:#ffffffa8}.section{width:100%;margin-bottom:40px}.section .section-header{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;border-top:3px solid #001c4c;border-bottom:1px solid #001c4c;margin-bottom:20px}.section .section-header p,.section .section-header h2,.section .section-header h1{font-size:24px;line-height:28px;font-weight:bold;color:#001c4c;font-size:24px;line-height:24px;padding:10px 0;margin:0}.entity-item{display:flex;flex-direction:column;position:relative;width:100%;border-bottom:4px solid #001c4c;background:#f3f3f3;box-shadow:0 0 4px #000;text-align:left;margin-bottom:0}.entity-item .entity-item-details{order:1;padding:10px}.entity-item .entity-title,.entity-item .entity-title a{font-size:18px;line-height:20px;font-family:"Poppins",sans-serif;font-weight:600;color:#333;text-decoration:none;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;text-transform:uppercase}.entity-item .entity-title small{font-size:14px;line-height:16px}.entity-item .entity-title a:before{content:"";top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;display:block;margin:0;padding:0;position:absolute;z-index:2}.entity-item .entity-item-image{order:0}.entity-item .figure{position:relative;aspect-ratio:.66666667;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;background-color:#222;color:#fff;overflow:hidden}.entity-item .figure:after{content:var(--category-var);position:absolute;bottom:5px;right:5px;font-size:14px;line-height:14px;text-align:right;background:#2e579e;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;padding:3px 6px;border-radius:5px}.entity-item .figure .img{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover}.footer{background-color:#001c4c;padding:20px 0}.footer .container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;text-align:center}.footer p{font-size:14px;line-height:1;color:#fff;text-align:center;padding:0 10px}.footer a{color:#ccc}.gallery{display:grid;grid-auto-flow:column;grid-auto-columns:calc(100% / 1.1);gap:10px;overflow-x:scroll;scroll-snap-type:x mandatory;scroll-behavior:smooth}.gallery figure{scroll-snap-align:start;position:relative;aspect-ratio:16 / 9;border-radius:10px;border:1px solid #ccc;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;background-color:#222;color:#fff;width:100%}.gallery img{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;border-radius:10px}.video-gallery{display:grid;grid-auto-flow:column;grid-auto-columns:calc(100% / 1.1);gap:10px;overflow-x:scroll;scroll-snap-type:x mandatory;scroll-behavior:smooth}.video{scroll-snap-align:start;border-radius:10px;overflow:hidden}.video iframe{width:100%;height:100%;aspect-ratio:16 / 9}.entity-gallery .gallery-row>*{border:1px solid #ffffff00}.entity-gallery .gallery-row{display:grid;grid-auto-flow:column;grid-auto-columns:calc(100% / 4.06);gap:15px;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;scroll-snap-type:x mandatory;scroll-behavior:smooth;scroll-padding:0}.entity-gallery .gallery-row-6{grid-auto-columns:calc(100% / 5.9)}.entity-gallery .gallery-column{width:100%;scroll-snap-align:start;object-fit:cover}.entity-gallery .entity-item{display:flex;flex-direction:column;position:relative;margin-bottom:0;height:100%}.carousel-wrapper{position:relative}.carousel-button{position:absolute;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);background-color:#00000099;color:white;border:0;padding:10px 10px;cursor:pointer;z-index:10;border-radius:100%;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}.carousel-button svg{fill:#fff;width:20px;height:20px}.carousel-prev{left:0}.carousel-next{right:0}.accordion{width:100%;border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:8px}.accordion-item{border-top:1px solid #ccc}.accordion-header{display:flex;justify-content:start;align-items:center;padding:15px;cursor:pointer;font-weight:bold}.accordion-header .badge{background-color:#6c757d;color:#fff;padding:5px 10px;border-radius:4px;font-size:14px}.accordion-checkbox{display:none}.accordion-content{max-height:0;overflow:hidden;transition:max-height .3s ease;padding:0 10px;background-color:#fff}.accordion-checkbox:checked ~ .accordion-content{max-height:500vh;padding:0 10px}.accordion-content .table{width:100%;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;border-collapse:collapse}.accordion-content .table td{padding:10px;border:1px solid #ddd}.accordion-item:first-of-type{border-top:0}.accordion-header::after{flex-shrink:0;margin-left:auto;content:"+";background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1.25rem;transition:transform .2s ease-in-out}.accordion-header h4{font-weight:normal}.accordion-content p{margin-top:0}.no-disponible{text-align:center}@media(max-width:1024px){.container{width:100%}.top{margin-bottom:0}.other-container{width:100%;margin:0;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px}.col{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.menu{display:block}.aside-container{display:none}.form-search{width:100%}.form-search form{display:flex;width:100%;margin:0 15px}.entity-item .entity-title,.entity-item .entity-title a{font-size:16px;line-height:18px}.breadcrumb{margin-bottom:10px;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px}.gallery{grid-auto-columns:calc(100% / 1.1)}.entity-gallery .gallery-row{grid-auto-columns:calc(100% / 2.3)}.section .section-header p,.section .section-header h2,.section .section-header h1{font-size:20px;line-height:22px}.roba-desktop{display:none}.roba-mobile{position:relative;top:0;margin-bottom:30px;display:flex;justify-content:start;align-items:center;flex-direction:column;width:calc(100vw - 30px);max-width:calc(100vw - 30px)}.roba-mobile ins{position:sticky;top:0}.bottom-ad-module{display:block;position:fixed;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;margin:0;box-shadow:0 -1px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);text-align:center;line-height:0;background:#f5f5f5;z-index:3000004;transition:transform .5s ease,opacity .5s ease}.bottom-ad-module-hidden{transform:translateY(100%);opacity:0}.bottom-ad-module .publi-box__close-btn{display:block;color:#666;background:#f5f5f5;z-index:1000001;font-size:17px;padding:5px;box-shadow:1px -2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);border-top-left-radius:8px;width:28px;height:28px;position:absolute;top:-28px;right:0;cursor:pointer}} .article{width:100%}.movie-header{position:relative;margin-bottom:40px;display:flex;flex-direction:row;align-items:flex-start}.movie-header .figure{position:relative;aspect-ratio:.66666667;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;background-color:#222;color:#fff;width:250px;flex:0 0 250px;overflow:hidden;margin-right:20px}.movie-header .figure .img{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover}.movie-title-container{margin:0 auto;z-index:1;flex:1 1 100%;overflow:hidden}.movie-title-container .title{border-top:4px solid #001c4c;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;font-weight:bold;font-size:36px;line-height:38px;margin:0;padding:10px 0;margin-bottom:20px;color:#001c4c;text-transform:uppercase}.movie-title-container .author-name{margin-bottom:30px}.movie-title-container .author-name a{font-weight:normal;text-transform:uppercase}.movie-title-container .categories{position:absolute;bottom:0;margin-bottom:0}.movie-title-container .categories-relative{position:relative}.movie-title-container .categories a{margin-bottom:10px;margin-right:5px}.movie-title-container .tagline{margin-bottom:20px}.movie-buttons{display:flex;align-items:center;margin-bottom:20px}.movie-buttons .btn-buy{font-size:20px;line-height:1;font-family:sans-serif;font-weight:normal;text-transform:uppercase;height:60px;justify-content:center;align-items:center;display:flex;padding:0 30px;border-radius:30px}.movie-buttons .discountPercentage{font-size:22px;line-height:22px;font-weight:bold;color:green}.movie-container{display:flex;flex-direction:row}.movie-body{margin:0;width:780px;flex:0 0 780px;overflow:hidden}.aside-container{text-align:right;width:320px;flex:0 0 320px;position:relative;margin-left:40px}.providers{width:100%}.providers .provider-container{margin-bottom:20px}.providers a{margin-right:10px;display:inline-block}.providers a:last-child{margin-right:0}.providers img{width:55px;height:55px;border-radius:5px}.providers .provider-type{display:block;background:#eaede2;padding:5px;margin-bottom:10px;font-weight:bold}.providers .provider-container:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.movie-info .row-info{display:flex;flex-direction:row;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px}.movie-info .col-title{font-size:18px;line-height:24px;width:40%;flex:0 0 40%;display:flex;align-items:center;margin:0;font-weight:normal}.movie-info .col-title .icon{display:flex;margin-right:5px}.movie-info .col-title .icon svg{width:20px;height:20px}.movie-info .col-value{width:60%;flex:0 0 60%}.movie-info .col-value p{padding:0;margin:0}.movie-info .col-value .link{white-space:nowrap;text-overflow:ellipsis;display:block;overflow:hidden}.movie-share{position:fixed;bottom:10px;right:10px;z-index:1000}.movie-share .btn{font-size:25px;line-height:25px;padding:0;border-radius:50% !important;width:60px;height:60px;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;background:#064cc3}.movie-share .btn svg{width:30px;height:30px;fill:#fff}.circle-wrap{width:60px;height:60px;background:#ccc;border-radius:50%;margin:0 15px 0 0;z-index:1}.circle-wrap .circle{position:relative}.circle-wrap .circle .mask,.circle-wrap .circle .fill{width:60px;height:60px;position:absolute;border-radius:50%}.mask .fill{clip:rect(0,30px,60px,0);background-color:#000}.circle-wrap .circle .mask{clip:rect(0,60px,60px,30px)}.circle-wrap .inside-circle{font-family:sans-serif;width:49px;height:49px;border-radius:50%;background:#064cc3;color:#fff;position:absolute;z-index:100;font-weight:700;font-size:18px;line-height:18px;top:5px;left:5px;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}@media(max-width:1024px){.movie-body{width:100%;flex:0 0 100%;overflow:unset}.movie-header{flex-direction:column}.movie-header .figure{margin:0;width:100%;flex:0 0 100%;background-color:transparent;aspect-ratio:unset;padding:20px 50px}.movie-header .figure .img{position:relative;height:auto;box-shadow:0 0 10px 0 #333}.movie-title-container{width:100%;margin:0;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px;text-align:center}.movie-title-container .title{border-top:0;font-size:26px;line-height:30px;margin:0 0 20px 0}.movie-buttons{flex-direction:column;margin-bottom:30px;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-bottom:20px}.movie-buttons .btn-buy{margin-bottom:10px}.movie-title-container .categories{position:relative}.movie-container{margin:0;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px}.movie-info .row-info{flex-direction:column}.movie-info .col-title,.movie-info .col-value p,.movie-info .col-value a{margin:0}.movie-info .col-title{width:100%;flex:0 0 100%;font-weight:600}.movie-info .col-value{width:100%;flex:0 0 100%}}
El libro que ahora publica el maestro Munássir Ebrahim comenzó siendo elaborado durante la maestría en Derecho Empresarial del ISCYE-IUL, en el 4º Curso de la Edición de Maestría 2010-2012, para la disertación necesaria para completar el curso. Las normas académicas no permitían un texto tan extenso y, por lo tanto, esperó una mejor oportunidad de publicación, que ahora se presenta. Hay dos temas fundamentales estudiados por el autor, el llamado BJR (la regla de juicio empresarial) y la teoría de la agencia. Sobre ambos, el texto tiene información muy útil, presentada de manera accesible para la mayoría de las personas. La norma del juicio empresarial fue aceptada en el derecho portugués en 2006, en el apartado 2 del art. 72 del Código de Sociedades Comerciales. En el texto que ahora se publica encontramos mucha información sobre su génesis en los tribunales de Estados Unidos, acompañada de nociones generales sobre la creación de empresas y su gestión, lo que permite comprender por qué las acciones de responsabilidad civil contra directores rara vez aparecen en los tribunales. Los tribunales portugueses, la denominada baja incidencia de responsabilidad civil de los es, es el tema del último capítulo. La teoría de la agencia intenta explicar la relación entre los propietarios del capital, los accionistas y los es, a quienes se les ha asignado la misión de gestionar la empresa de manera rentable en interés de sus propietarios. El tema no ha estado muy presente en los estudios en Portugal, lo que se explica por el hecho de que entre nosotros las empresas son generalmente istradas por los accionistas, surgiendo raramente un problema de deslealtad de los es hacia los accionistas, lo que minimiza el costo de agencia. Pero, como señala Munássir Ebrahim, la teoría de la agencia y los terceros, con los que interactúa la sociedad, es decir, aquellos que le otorgaron el crédito, como los perjudicados de BES y BANIE. Aquí te dejamos, querido lector, razones para leer con beneficio esta obra. Manuel Antóniol Pita, profesor asistente invitado e investigador integrado